Authentication and Authorization

Preview

1. What is the difference between authentication and authorization?
2. What are the most common authentication methods for online applications?
3. How does two-factor authentication improve security compared to a single-factor authentication?
4. What strategies can be used to prevent unauthorized access to systems and data?
5. How do access controls and permissions enable effective authorization management?

Explain

Authentication and authorization are two key concepts in computer security used to protect sensitive data and restrict access based on a user’s identity. Authentication is the process of verifying someone’s identity, while authorization is the process of granting or denying access to specific resources based on the user’s identity.

For example, when you enter your username and password to log into your bank account or email, you are undergoing authentication. The system checks if the credentials provided match the ones on record to verify your identity. Once authenticated, you are then authorized access to specific functionality, such as transferring funds, based on your user profile and account permissions.

In another example, imagine a secure company file server where users must authenticate themselves using a username and password. Once authenticated, the system checks the user’s authorization level to determine whether they have permission to access a specific folder or file. If authorized, they will be granted access to the resources they need; otherwise, they will be denied access. This process helps ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive files or data.

Keypoint

Authentication:

1. Verification of user’s identity through credentials such as username/password, biometrics or smart cards.
2. Used to prevent unauthorized access to a system or application.
3. Can be done through single-factor or multi-factor authentication.
4. Ensures only authorized users can access sensitive information.

Authorization:

1. Process of granting or denying access to resources based on user’s authenticated identity.
2. Used to ensure users only have access to resources they are permitted to use.
3. Can be done through role-based, attribute-based or mandatory access control.
4. Helps to protect sensitive data and maintain confidentiality.
5. May involve the use of access levels, permissions, and user roles.

Review

1. What is the difference between authentication and authorization?
   Answer: Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, while authorization is the process of allowing or denying access to a resource based on that user’s verified identity.

2. What is a common authentication method used by websites?
   Answer: A common authentication method used by websites is username and password authentication.

3. What is the purpose of multi-factor authentication?
   Answer: The purpose of multi-factor authentication is to add an extra layer of security by requiring the user to provide two or more different types of authentication credentials, such as a password and a fingerprint.

4. What is the purpose of access control?
   Answer: The purpose of access control is to restrict access to certain resources or areas based on the user’s identity and privileges.

5. What is the principle of least privilege?
   Answer: The principle of least privilege is the concept of granting users only the minimum necessary privileges to perform their job functions, thereby reducing the risk of unauthorized access or accidental data leaks.